بخش هفتــم ګرامر درس انګليسي
2012-01-24 18:43:22
بخش هفتــم ګرامر درس انګليسي
Prepositions (review) تکرار حروف اضافه
a. Complete the following sentences with the correct preposition.
جملات ذیل را با حروف اضافه درست تکمیل نمایید.
1- The car is------------the door.
The book is---------the disk.-2
3-He walked ---------the room.
4- He looked ----------the window.
5- I put the letter ---------his hands.
6- The ship is now five miles --------the port.
7- The Hudson River lies west-----New York City.
8- Heat changes ice-------water.
9- Sit-------that chair.
10- Do you usually have dinner----------home or--------a restaurant?
11- He arrived ---------New York ------five o'clock.
12- Our office is six blocks --------from the station.
13- I heard it -----the radio.
14- We stopped overnight ---------Pittsburgh.
15- Wait for us ---------the corner -------36th street.
16- I'll meet you -------front--------the building.
17- She sat here --------me.
18- He arrived at--------five o'clock-----the Queen Elizabeth П.
19- The wind blew the paper -------the window.
20- The dog jumped --------from the fence.
21- I saw him -------the corner ---------Broadway and 42nd Street.
22- The ball rolled -------the table.
23- He walked quickly -------the door.
24- He sat down---------the table and began to write------his notebook.
25- We walked --------Broadway and looked --------at all shop windows.
26- Every morning I get -------the subway at 116th Street and get ----at 34th Street.
27- Generally he goes -------a walk -------the park -------the afternoon.
28- The thief climbed -------the house --------an open window.
Passive voice
We from the passive voice of present, past, and future tense sentences with the appropriate form of to be and the past participle of the main verb.
Active passive
John delivers the mail. The mail is delivered by john.
John delivered the mail. The mail was delivered by John.
John will deliver the mail. The mail will be delivered by John.
We from the passive voice of present perfect sentences with have (has) been and the past participle of the main verb.
Active Passive
John has delivered the mail. The mail has been delivered by John.
a. change the following sentences from active to passive. Be sure to keep the same tense with ach change.
1- John wrote that letter.
2- Fire destroyed that house.
3- The audience enjoyed the concert very much.
4- Mary took that book from the desk.
5- John will deliver that letter.
6- Mary has finished the report.
7- Mr. Smith will leave the tickets at the box office.
8- The messenger has just left a box of flowers for you.
9- The police easily captured the thief.
10- Many people attended the lecture.
11- The movie disappointed us very much.
12- Mr. Jones manages the export division.
13- John returned the money last night.
14- The little boy are the cake.
a. change the following from passive to active.
1-this book was written by John Smith.
2- The entire city was destroyed by the fire.
3- The town was captured by the enemy.
4- the money was stolen by an known person.
5- The book was found by Mary.
6- The book has been returned by John.
7- The book was torn by the little boy.
c. change the following sentences from active to passive. Do not change the tense.
1- The teacher corrects our exercises at home.
2- They started a dancing class last week.
3- Mr. Smith saw the accident.
4- He left the report on the desk.
5- Everybody will see this film soon.
6- He has just finished the report.
7- An economic crises followed the war.
8- Somebody has taken my book.
9- The teacher returned our written work to us.
10- He bought this book yesterday.
11- She had finished the report by noon.
12- the mad dog bit the little boy.
13- The wind blew the smoke away.
14- The committee chose Mr Smith for president.
15- The maid broke the plate and the glass.
16- tall telegraph poles lined the street.
17- The newspaper reported the event immediately.
18- We heard the sound of music.
19- The police arrested five men.
20- Columbus discovered America in 1492.
21- The doctor ordered him to take a long rest.
22- Lightening struck the house.
Passive voice
(Continued)
We from the passive voice of sentences using can, may, must, and should with be and the past participle of the main verb.
They must finish this work today. This work must be finished today.
We from the passive voice of sentences using have to and ought to with be and the past participle of the main verb.
She has to send that letter.
That letter has to be sent.
We from the passive voice of sentences using continuous tenses with being and the past participle of the main verb.
She is writing the letter.
The letter is being written.
Change the following sentences from active to passive.
1- WE must finish those letters by five o'clock.
2- They should send it to us at once.
3- The mailman is delivering the mail now.
4- He has to finish it today.
5- The police are holding him for further questions.
6- They may organize a new group next week.
7- You ought to send the package by airmail.
8- The citizens are defending the city bravely.
9- They can not hold the meeting in that room.
10- They may deliver the merchandise while we are out.
11- He has to pay the bill before the first of the month.
12- He must pay the bill before the first of the month.
13- Congress is debating that question today.
14- For the time being, Mr. Smith is teaching that group.
15- You ought to water the plant once a week.
16- The company is shipping the merchandise today.
17- We must warn them of the danger.
18- They couldn't sell the house at that price.
19- They are sending Mr. Smith to Europe on a special mission.
20- You should insure the package.
Passive voice به شکل مجهول ادا کردن
(Continuoued)
We from negative in passive voice by placing not after the auxiliary verb.
بعد ازفعل کمکی میسازیم. notما شکل منفی را در جملات مجهول با جا بجا نمودن
The book was not written by Hemingway.
The merchandise will not be delivered before Tuesday.
We from questions in the passive voice by placing the auxiliary before the subject.
ما شکل سوالی را در جملات مجهول با جا بجا نمودن فعل کمکی قبل از فاعل میسازیم.
Was the book written by Hemingway?
Will the merchandise be delivered before Tuesday?
a. change the following sentences from affirmative to negative..
جملات ذیل را از مثبت به منفی تبدیل نمایید.
1- He was sent to New York.
2- This must be finished today.
3-The letter has already been sent.
4- The book was published in 1970.
5- The class is taught by Mr. Smith.
6- The merchandise is being sent today.
7- The thief has been caught by the police.
8- The fire was started by an arsonist.
9- The chairs have been put in room 10.
10- The jewels were stolen by one of the servants.
11- The book will be published in the spring.
12- The lecture was attended by many people.
13- The first prize was won by John.
14- The accident was caused by William's carelessness.
15- Our exercises are corrected each night by the teacher.
16- The house was completely destroyed by the fire.
17- The tickets were purchased weeks ago.
18- The bridge was designated by a French architect.
19- The contract will be signed tomorrow.
20- The cries of the child were heard by everyone.
21- The house was struck by lightning.
b. Change the sentences above to questions.
c. change the following sentences to questions beginning with the question word in parentheses.
1-The house was built in 1955. (When)
(When was the house built?)
2- The building was destroyed by fire.(How)
3- The merchaqmdise will deliver next week.(when)
4- The money had been stolen by one of the servants.(by whom)
5- The child was finally found in the park.(where)
6- He was injured in an airplane accident. (in what kind of accident)
7- The mail is delivered at ten o'clock.(what time)
8- The tickets will be left at the box office.(where)
9-the contract must be signed by Mr. Smith.(By whom)
10- America was discovered in 1492.(In what year)
11- The book was published in France.(where)
12- He was operated on for appendicitis.(what)
13- The boy was punished because he had run away.
14- The note was left on the table.(where)
15- The city was captured by the enemy in June.(in what month)
16- The money was put into the safe.(where)
17- The bridge will be finished this year.(when)
18- It was designed by a France engineer.(BY whom)
Supposed to
We use supposed to express obligation or expectation. We can use it in the present and past tenses.
را جهت اظهار نمودن مجبوریت و توقع استعمال مینماییم. ما این را میتوانیم Supposed to ما
در زمان هال ساده و گذشته ساده استعمال نماییم.
Mr. Smith is supposed to be here.
They were supposed to arrive last night.
Complete the following sentences with the proper form of to be supposed to.
1- They--------------------------- (send) the merchandise last night.
2- The ship------------------------------ (sail) at two o'clock this afternoon.
3- He ---------------------------------- (come) at four o'clock yesterday.
4- He----------------------------- (be) here now.
5- John------------------------------- (bring) the books with him.
6- That letter------------------------------- (write) yesterday.
7- I --------------------------------- (mail) this package last Saturday.
8- He------------------------------- (leave) for Europe next week but he may
Have to postpone his trip until next month.
9- He----------------------------------- (take) his lesson at ten o'clock, but he
failed to appear.
10- In which room is the class------------------------------------- (meet).
11- The advanced class -------------------------------- (meet) in Room 10, but
The other class------------------------------- (meet) on the tenth floor.
12- On which line am I----------------------------- (write) my name?
13- I'm sorry that I must leave so soon, but I-------------------------- (be)at the
Consulate at twelve o'clock.
14- John wants to know whether he------------------------------ (take) his
Lesson at ten o'clock or twelve o'clock.
15- The catalog-------------------------------- (publish) next spring.
Used to
Used to describe an action that continued for some time in the past but that does not happen at the present time.
عمل را تشریح مینماید که در یک مدت زمان گذشته صورت گرفته باشد مگر اکنون Used to
واقع نمیشود.
I sued to smoke.
(Now I don’t smoke)
He used to teach English.
(Now he does not teach English).
In each of the following sentences change the italicized verb to introduce used to.
تبدیل نمایید. Used to در هر جمله ذیل فعل را که با حروف خوابیده میباشد به
1- I walked to work.
(I used to walk to work.)
2- I never made so many mistakes in spelling.
3- The accounting department was on the 18th floor.
4-JOh was a good student and worked hard.
5- I bought all my clothes in Macy's.
6- This building was occupied by a large insurance firm.
7- Mr. Smith had charge of the transportation division.
8- John plaid the violin.
9- Mr. Smith went to the concert every week.
10- He never did his work poorly.
11- He took a great interest in his English lesson.
12- All meeting were held in the auditorium.
13- Mr., Jones was the official interpreter for the company.
14- I smoked a great deal.
15- Mr., Reese worked in this office.
16- I never caught cold.
Would rather
Would rather mean" to prefer." It is followed by the simple form of the verb.
ترجیح دادن میباشد و توسطفعل زمان حال ساده تعقیب میشود. Would rather معنی
I would rather watch television than go to the movie.
He would rather walk than take a taxi.
In everyday conversation, we usually contract would rather.
I would rather watch television than go to a movie.
He would rather walk than take a taxi.
Change these sentences to introduce would rather. Use the contracted forms only. Also drop rather in rather than.
1- I prefer to wait outside.
(I'd rather wait outside.)
2- They prefer to walk to school.
3- We prefer to spend the summer at home instead of in the country.
4- The doctor says that he prefers to examine you in his office.
5- I prefer not to maintain it to him at this time.
6- I prefer to eat at home rather than in a restaurant.
7- He prefers to meet us downtown.
8- I prefer to speak with her in private.
9- I prefer to drive a small car rather than a big one.
10- She prefers to study ion this class instead of in the advanced class.
11- I prefer to do all my homework before school.
12- He prefers to live in a large city like New York.
13- I prefer to live in a small town.
14- I prefer to work in my garden rather than play golf.
15- I prefer to see a good movie rather than go to the opera.
16- He prefers to attend a large school. I prefer to go to a small one.
Had better
Had better means "it would be better" or "it would be advisable." It is followed by the simple form of the verb.
بهتر بودن و یا قابل مشوره بودن میباشد. و با شکل ساده فعل تعقیب میشود. Had better معنی
You had better see a doctor.
She had better come back later.
We usually contract this phrase in everyday conversation.
ما معمولاً این عبارت را در محاوره های روزمره اختصار میدهیم. قرار ذیل.
You'd better see a doctor.
She'd better come back later.
Change these sentences to introduce had better. Use the contracted forms only.
استعما ل گردد. فقط شکل اختصار شدهHad better این جملات را طوری تبدیل نمایید که در ان
را استعمال نمایید.
1- It will be better if you come back later.
(you'd better come back later.
2- It will be better if she rests a while.
3- It will be better if she stops her English lessons.
4- It will be better if she doesn’t see him again.
5- It is advisable that they save a little money for a change.
6-It will be better if you don’t mention this to anyone.
7- It is advisable that you send an application by mail.
8- It will be better if she sees a doctor immediately.
9- It will be better if you don’t tell Grace about this.
10- It will be better if Charles spends more time on his English and less time
With the girls.
11- It will be better if they notify the police at once.
12- It will be better if you don’t give them too much information.
13- It will be better if he doesn’t drive so fast in the future.
14- It will better if he prefers his homework more carefully.
15- It is advisable that you tell them the truth.
Tag ending (affirmative sentences)
We use an affirmative tag ending after a negative sentence.
He can't speak English, can he?
She isn’t an American, is she?
You don’t live in Washington, do you?
They didn’t go home, did they?
Add the correct tag ending to the following sentence.
1- She goes shopping everyday, -----------------------.
2- He has been studying English along time, -------------------.
3- He is a good student, ---------------.
4- She plays the piano well-------------------.
5- She can play the piano well--------------.
6- You plaid tennis yesterday, --------------.
7- The traffic is heavy today, ----------------.
8- It was also heavy yesterday, --------------.
9- You always buy your clothes in Sake, -------------.
10- They go for a walk in the park every Sunday, ----------------.
11- You will be back before noon, ------------------.
12- You have read that book, ----------------.
13- They are very old friends, ----------------.
14- It takes more than an hour to get there, ----------------.
15- The bus stops at this corner, ------------------.
16- They are traveling in Europe now, ----------------.
Tag ending
We use an affirmative tag ending after a negative sentence.
He can't speak English, can he?
She isn’t an American, is he?
You don’t live in Washington, do you?
They didn’t go home, did they?
a. Add the correct tag ending to the following sentences.
درست را به جملات ذیل علاوه نمایید. Tag ending
1- She doesn’t like to study English, -------------------?
2- You haven’t ever been in South America, -----------------?
3- You wont mention this to anyone, --------------------?
4- The traffic today isn’t very heavy, ---------------------?
5- It wasn’t heavy yesterday either, --------------------?
6- They didn’t go by plane, -------------------?
7- She didn’t say anything to you about it, ------------------?
8- He wasn’t driving fast at that time, ---------------------?
9- She doesn’t know how to dance, ----------------------?
10-He won't be back before noon, -------------------?
11- The bus doesn’t stop near here, --------------------?
12- You didn’t write those letters, ------------------?
13- I haven’t paid you yet, ---------------------?
14- Helen isn’t going with you, --------------------?
15- You haven’t had your lunch yet, ------------------?
16- He can't speak English, ------------------?
b. Add the tag ending to the following sentences.
1- George left class early today, ---------------------.
2- He is an excellent student, --------------------.
3- She has never gotten in touch with you, --------------------?
4- Today is Wednesday, ------------------?
5- You live in Brooklyn, ------------------?
6- You were absent yesterday-------------?
7- Both men look very much alike---------------?
8- They don’t know each other-----------------?
9- this street runs north and south---------------------?
10- We wont have to stand in line-----------------?
11- You mailed that letter---------------------?
12- You didn’t forget to put a stamp on it---------------------?
13- She can speak French well---------------------?
14- He never comes to class on time--------------------?
15- The train is supposed to arrive at five o'clock-------------------?
16- This bus stops at 42nd Street------------------------?
17- She is making good progress in English------------------?
18- Your sister has been sick a long time------------------?
19- This is your umbrella----------------------?
20- There is someone at the door, -------------------------- ?
21- The telephone is ringing, ---------------------?
22- They paid you what they owed you, ---------------------?
c. Add tag ending to the following sentences.
1- He speaks English well, --------------------?
2- She writes a lot of letters, -------------------?
3- He is a busy man, -----------------------?
4- He makes a lot of mistakes in pronunciation, ------------------?
5- Helen spends a lot of money on cloths, -------------------?
6- He always comes to class on time, --------------------?
7- Mr. Smith is out of town, ------------------?
8- There are a lot of students absent from class, -----------------?
9- They are good friends, ------------------?
10- They watch television every night, ------------------?
11- You enjoy your English lesson, --------------------?
12- The mail is delivered at ten o'clock, -------------?
13- You spend a lot of time with them, ---------------?
14- She has to work very hard, ------------------?
15- He is too old to get married, -----------------?
16- You have private lessons twice a week, ----------------?
17- The plane arrives at noon, -------------------?
18- They visit you every Sunday, -----------------?
19- You get up early every morning, ----------------?
20- He sits in the front row, ---------------------?
21- She works in the import department, --------------------?
22- She is a good typist, ---------------?
d. Change the sentences above to the past and add the tag ending.
He speaks English well, -------------------?
(He spoke English well, didn’t he?
a. Change the sentences above to the future with will and add the tag ending.
He speaks English well, -----------------?
(He'll speak English well, won't he?
It/ there
We commonly use the impersonal subjects it in expressions of weather, time, and distance.
استعمال Weather,time,distance را در اصطلاحات مثل It ما عموماً فاعل غیر شخصی
مینماییم.
It is cold today.
It is ten o'clock.
It is along way from here to Los Angeles.
We also use it in sentences where to be is followed by an adjective infinitive construction.
تعقیب شده Adjective infinitive با یک ساختمان to be را در جملات جاییکه It ما همچنان
باشد استعمال مینماییم.
It is easy to learn English.
It was impossible to reach him.
We use there to express the existence of an object or objects.
را جهت اظهار نمودن موجودیت یک شی یا اشیا را استعمال مینماییم. There ما
There is a man in the room.
There are two men in the room.
a. complete the following sentences with it is or there is.
تکمیل نمایید. There is یا It is جملات ذیل را با
1----------------------raining very hard.
2- -------------------- plenty of time to do that letter.
3- -------------------- a strange man in Mr. Smith's office.
4- -------------------- to understand why he is angry.
5- -------------------- time for you to take your medicine.
6- -------------------- almost ten o'clock.
7- -------------------- a new moon tonight.
8- -------------------- a cat in one of your flower beds.
9- -------------------- impossible to finish that work in such a short time.
10- ------------------ warm in this room.
11- ------------------ beginning to rain.
12- ------------------ ten miles from here to the university.
13- ------------------ a mail box on the corner.
14- ------------------ a long line of cars ahead of us.
15- ------------------ a pity that he must stop his English lessons.
b. complete the following sentences with it or there.
تکمیل نمایید. There یا It جملات ذیل را با
1-------------------- is raining very hard.
2- ------------------ is a letter for you on the hall table.
3- ------------------ is almost three o'clock.
4- ------------------ is a very nice day.
5- ------------------ are several pretty girls in our English class.
6- ------------------ is very hot in this room.
7- ------------------ is difficult to speak English well.
8- ----------------- is not a cloud in the sky.
9- ----------------- is beginning to snow.
10- --------------- is hard to learn English in such a short time.
11- --------------- are a lot of beautiful homes on this street.
12- --------------- is a shame that you can't come with us to the park.
13- --------------- was John who told me about the matter.
14- --------------- is no place3 like home.
15- --------------- is a pity she can't speak English.
16- --------------- is along way from here to Caracas.
17- --------------- are a lot of people in the park this afternoon.
18- --------------- was almost eight o'clock when they arrived.
19- --------------- were a lot of students absent today.
20- --------------- is Tuesday, isn’t it.
21- --------------- is someone at the door.
22- --------------- is very unpleasant to work in this cold room.
23- --------------- is dangerous to drive so fast.
24- --------------- are only twenty –eight days in February.
c. change the following sentences by beginning each one with it.
1- to learn English is not easy.
(it is not easy to learn English.)
2- To learn new words everyday is very important.
3- To study with Mr. Smith is very interesting.
4- To pay so much money for a car of that type is foolish.
5- To drive so fast is very dangerous.
6- To travel in foreign countries is very interesting.
7- To be able to speak a foreign language is often very helpful.
8- To blame John for that mistake is not fair.
9- To study grammar is not interesting to many students.
10- On the other hand, to understand the grammar of a foreign language is
Important.
11- To get there so early in the morning is almost impossible for me.
12- To go there by bus is faster than to go by car.
13- To sing in such a low key is not easy for a soprano.
14- To explain this matter to him will be very difficult.
15- To speak with him now is not necessary.
16- To work so hard at his age is very foolish.
17- To spend the afternoon at the beach on a hot day like this will be very
Pleasant.
18- To telephone her at this late hour is useless.
19- To eat to quickly is unwise.
20- To accept there apology is not easy.
21- To be comfortable in such hot weather is impossible.
d. change the following sentences by beginning each one with there is or there are.
تبدیل نمایید. There are یا There is شروع با جملات ذیل را با
1- A new magazine is on the hall table.
(There is a new magazine on the hall table.)
2- A lot of trees are in the park.]
3- Two strange men are in Mr. Smith's office.
4- Several people are waiting to see doctor Jones.
5- A letter for you is in the mailbox.
6- A storm is approaching.
7- A lot of dark clouds are in the sky.
8- Two policemen are on the corner.
9- A dog is in the garden.
10- Two children are playing on your front lawn.
11- Only one window is in the room.
12- Two tall trees are in front of the house.
13- A blackboard is in every room.
14- Several pictures are on the wall of each room.
15- A lot of birds of various colors are in the trees.
16- A vase of flowers is on the table.
17- An ashtray is next to the each chair.
18- Curtains are on each window.
19- A lot of pretty girls are in my English class.
20- A mailbox is on the corner.
21- The report is on his desk.
22- Two tickets to the new show are waiting for you at the box office.
23- Some cigarettes are in his briefcase.
Gerund
A gerund is a form of a verb that functions as a noun and ends in ing. Certain verbs, like enjoy, mind, stop, consider, appreciate and finish, can be followed by gerunds but not infinitives.
ختم Ing عبارت از شکل یک فعل میباشد که به صفت یک اسم عمل نموده و به Gerund یک
میتواند با Enjoy. mind, stop,consider,appreciate,and finishمیشود. افعال مشخص مثل تعقیب شود نه با سکل ساده فعل. Gerund یک
He enjoys studying English.
I finished reading the lesson.
He has stopped trying to be first.
In the sentences below supply the gerund form of the verbs shown in parentheses.
از افعال را که در قوسها نشان داده شده است استعمال نمایید. Gerund در جملات ذیل شکل
1- I am considering----------------------(take) a trip to Canada next summer.
2- I enjoy ------------------(study) with Miss Smith.
3- Mr. Smith stopped ----------------(go) to his English class.
4- Do you mind ----------------(wait) a few minutes in the hall.
5- We are considering ----------------(buy) an automobile.
6- Did you enjoy ---------------(travel) through Canada last summer?
7- Ask that salesman whether he minds ---------------(come) back this
Afternoon.
8- Mr. Smith enjoys-------------------(listen) to the radio.
9- Mr. Smith and Mr, Jones have stopped ----------------(talk) to each other.
10- They are considering -------------------(hold) the classes in the evening
Instead of the morning.
11- We will appreciate------------------(receive) an answer immediately.
12- They have finished -----------------(paint) out apartment at last.
13- Mr. Smith was driving fast and couldn’t avoid --------------(hit) the other
Car.
14- John denied ----------------(take) the book.
15- You shouldn’t risk-----------------(go) out if you have a cold.
16- He admitted ------------------(make) the mistake after we questioned him
For a long time.
Gerund are used after all prepositions in English except to when it is part of the infinitive.
بعد از تمام حروف اضافه در انگلیسی به جز از اینکه حرف اضافه یک قسمت از Gerund
باشد.استعمال میگردد. infinitive
John is fond of dancing.
He needs more practice in speaking English.
She is afraid of dancing.
We use gerunds after the expressions to be worth and no use.
That movie is worth seeing.
There is no use calling him at this hour.
a. In the following sentences supply the gerund of the verb in parentheses. Whenever necessary, introduce the required preposition.
از فعل را که در قوس است استعمال نمایید. هر زمانیکه ضروری Gerund در جملات ذیل شکل
باشد حرف اضافه ضروری را استعمال نمایید.
1-Were you successful -------------------- (see) Mr. Smith?
2- Is Mary fond --------------- (swim)?
3- He needs much more drill ------------------- (spelling).
4- There's no use ---------------------- (telephone) Mr. Smith. He is not at
Home now.
5- There is little chance --------------- (see) him today.
6- That salesman has left. He got tired-------------------- (wait) for Mr. Smith.
7- That book is well worth --------------------- (read).
8- He was prevented ---------------------- (finish) his work by his illness.
9- It is a question ------------------ (find) the right man for the position.
10- Mr. Smith always takes great pleasures ----------------- (help) other.
11- Do you think that lecture is worth ----------------------- (attend).
12- Mr. and Mrs. Smith are thinking ---------------------- (move) to Brooklyn.
13- He insisted -------------------- (help) me with the report.
14- He has had very little experience ---------------------------- (teach).
15- Mr. Smith spoke this morning --------------------- (start) a new class.
16- He has no intention ------------------ (leave) the class at this time.
17- We are all looking forward -------------------(see) Mr. Jones next week.
18- Is there any possibility --------------------(see) Mr. Smith this morning.
b. using a gerund construction, complete the following sentences in your own words.
جملات ذیل را با لاغت خود تان تکمیل نمایید. Gerund با استعمال نمودن
1- She is not interested in ------------------ .
(She is not interested in learning to speak English.)
2- We both enjoy --------------------------------------------------------- .
3-We went straight home instead of --------------------------------------------- .
4- I don’t feel like------------------------------------------------------------------- .
5- He has no intention of-----------------------------------------------------------.
6- Do you think that book is worth ----------------------------------------------- .
7- We congratulate him on -------------------------------------------------------- .
8- Do you mind---------------------------------------------------------------------- .
9- He is tired of --------------------------------------------------------------------- .
10- He left suddenly without------------------------------------------------------ .
11- Thank you for------------------------------------------------------------------ .
12- He insisted upon--------------------------------------------------------------- .
13- The driver couldn’t afford --------------------------------------------------- .
14- We are considering----------------------------------------------------------- .
15- He says he doesn’t feel like--------------------------------------------------.
16- They have stopped ------------------------------------------------------------ .
17- There is little chance of------------------------------------------------------- .
18- He hasn’t had any experience in--------------------------------------------- .
19- You cant blame him for ------------------------------------------------------- .
20- We all need more practice in-------------------------------------------------- .
21- We finally succeeded in------------------------------------------------------- .
22- They are thinking of----------------------------------------------------------- .
23- They are both very fond of ---------------------------------------------------.
24- IN the middle of our discussion, the man suddenly burst out ---------------.
Gerunds and infinitives
Certain verbs can be followed by either gerunds or infinitives. Some of these verbs are start, being, continue, like, neglect, hate, cease, love, prefer, intend.
تعقیب شود. بعضی از این افعال عبارتنی از infinitive یا Gerund افعال مشخص میتواند با
Start, Being,, Continue,Like, Neglect,, Hate,Cease,Love,Prefer,Intend.
He has no begun to take English lessons.
He has no begun taking English lessons.
He will continue to study in that class.
He will continue studying in that class.
a. Complete each of the following sentences with a gerund.
تکمیل نمایید. Gerund هر یک از جملات ذیل را با یک
1- John intends ------------------------- (take) three English lessons a week.
2- He likes----------------------- (take) lessons from Miss Smith.
3- I neglected --------------------- (speak) to Mr. Reese about that report.
4- They prefer --------------------- (meet) at five o'clock instead of at six.
5- John will start ------------------- (work) in that department next week.
6- But he will continue ------------------ (take) frequent trips to Chicago.
7- Mary loves -------------------- (work) for Mr. Harris.
8- He hates ------------------ (leave) New York..
9- He intends ------------------- (leave) on the fifteenth.
10- When will Mr. Smith start ------------------- (come) to class.
11- Mary likes --------------------- (study) in the fourth grade.
12- Mr. Smith prefers ------------------- (take) private lessons.
13-We hope to begin -------------------- (increase) our sales in the spring.
14- All nations are continuing ------------------ (build) up their armies.
15- Mary hates ------------------- (do) secretarial) work.
16- They have finally ceased ------------- (make) false accusations against us.
b. complete each of the above sentences with an infinitive.
تکمیل نمایید. Infinitive هر یک از جملات فوق را با یک
Future perfect tense زمان آینده کامل
we form the future perfect tense with will have and the past participle of the main verb.
و شکل سوم فعل میسازیم. Will have ما زمان آینده کامل را با
I will have worked. We will have worked.
You will have worked. You will have worked.
He will have worked.
She will have worked. They will have worked.
It will have worked.
The future perfect tense describes an action that will be a past and complete action at a certain point in the future.
زمان آینده کامل یک عمل گذشته کامل را در یک نقطه مشخص از زمان آینده تشریح مینماید.
By next September I will have worked here thirty years.
We will have finished this book in June.
Complete the following sentences with the future perfect form of the verbs in parentheses.
جملات ذیل را با زمان آینده کامل از افعال که در قوسها آمده تکمیل نمایید.
1- I am sure they ---------------------------- (complete) the new road by June.
2- He says that before he leaves he-------------------- (see) every show in town.
3- If you don’t make a note of that appointment, you ----------------------------
(forget) it by next week.
4- BY this time next month, all the roses ----------------------------- (die).
5- By January first, all our work for the year------------------------- (been) ----------------------- (finish) and our reports --------------been-----------------turn in.
6- By the time you arrive, I--------------------------- (finish) reading your book.
7- I---------------------------- (be) in this country two years on next January 12.
8- BY this time next year, you ---------------------------- (forget) all your
Present troubles.
9- A century from now, wars, I hope ----------------------- (become) a thing of
The past.
10- Man, perhaps, by that time ---------------------------------- (learn) that it is
Better to cooperate than to fight.
11- If he hasn’t begun to study yet, he certainly --------------------not-----------
(learn) all his lessons by tomorrow.
12- I hope that by this time next year a treaty of peace ---------------------------
Been----------------- (sign).
13- When you are my age, you------------------------------ (learn) much about t
The weakness of man.
14- A year from now he------------------------- (take) his medical exams and
Begun to practice.
Verb tenses (general Review)
زمانه های افعال(تکرار عمومی)
a. complete the following sentences with the correct tense of the verbs in parentheses.
جملات ذیل را با زمان درست از افعال را که در قوسها است تکمیل نمایید.
1- Smith always ------------------------- (come) to class on time.
2- Mr. Jones ----------------------- (teach) us at present. He------------------------
(Substitute) for Mr. Reese, who is our regular teacher.
3- I-------------------------- (work) in my garden when you called me last night.
4- We--------------------- (have) our examination next week.
5- I------------------------- (come) to work on the bus this morning.
6- As I---------------------- (come) to work this morning, I -----------------------
(meet) a beggar who ----------------- (ask) me for some money.
7- I--------------------- (be) to Radio City several times.
8- Listen! I think the telephone ------------------------- (ring).
9-John said that he --------------------- (see) that movie before.
10- I----------------------- (read) that novel three or four times.
11- By this time next year, we ------------------- (complete) all the exercises
In this book.
12- Your telegram ------------------ (come) just as I ----------------- (leave) my
House.
13- The sun--------------------- (shine) brightly when I got up this morning.
14- Our class ---------------- (begin) every morning at 8:30 and------------ (end)
At 10 O'clock.
15- We occasionally --------------------- (go) to the movies on Sunday.
16- Listen! Someone ------------------------- (knock) at the door.
17- Up to now, nothing------------------------ (hear) from the lost aviators.
18- John, who is now studying in the fourth grade, --------------------- (study)
English for three years.
19- Mary----------------------- ((study) French for a few months last year.
20- My brother ---------------- (come) to visit me next week.
21- At seven o'clock when you telephoned me, I------------------------ (study)
My lesson.
22- While we-------------------------- (drive) to Chicago, we --------------------
(Have) two flat tires.
23- John --------------------- (jump) from his seat the minute the bell rang.
24- When we got home we discovered that Mr. Smith ----------------- (come)
And ------------------ (leave).
25- Mr. Smith -------------------- (fall) as he ------------------- (cross) the street.
26- I saw that we------------------- (take) the wrong way.
b. Complete the following sentences with the correct tense of the verbs in parentheses.
جملات ذیل را با زمان درسا از افعال که در قوسها است تکمیل نمایید.
1- On the stage there was a magician who-------------------- (do) tricks as we
Entered.
2- The newspaper states that the police ---------------------- (capture) the
Kidnapper at last.
3- Look! I believe that is Colonel Evans who--------------------- (cross) the
Street.
4- I believe he usually ------------------------ (walk) down Madison Avenue
Every morning at this time.
5- She said that she ---------------------- (leave) before the news came.
6- It seemed that John ------------------------- (improve) because I could see
That he ---------------------- (talk) more intelligibly.
7- By March fifteenth, I ---------------------------- (be) here one year.
8- He handed in the report which he ------------------- (write) .
9- John usually ---------------------- (study) very hard. In fact, whenever I
-------------------------- (see) him he ------------------- (study) something.
10- Have you any idea what she ----------------------- (do) when I --------------
(call) her tomorrow.
11- What-----------------you------------------- (do) when I called you last night.
12- Since when ---------------------Harry-------------------- (be) manager of this
Department.
13- He----------------------- (be) appointed last June and-------------------- (be)
In charge ever since.
14- Where --------------you------------------ (go) on your vacation next month.
15- He cooked the rabbit which he------------------------- (shoot) previously in
The woods.
16- The sun ------------------------- (shine) when I got up this morning, but by
Ten o'clock it---------------------- (disappear) entirely behind the clouds.
17- The Civil War ------------------- (begin) in 1861 and it ---------------- (end)
In 1865, but not before many thousands of men ------------------ (meet)
Their deaths.
18- When we came in, John obviously -------------------- (feel) the effects of
The wine he------------------------ (drink) with us earlier.
19- Friends who --------------------- (tell) us the truth are often less appreciate
Than those who ------------------------- (flatter) us.
20- What did you do when you discovered that you---------------------- (lose)
Your pocketbook.
Position of Adverbsموقعیت قید ها
We usually place definite adverbs of time (yesterday, last week, Monday) at the end of a sentence.
I saw Miss Jones yesterday.
I intended to go to Chicago next week.
I met him there on Wednesday.
We usually place adverbs of frequency before the main verbs, except to be. The following adverbs are adverbs of frequency: often, usually, generally ever, never seldom, always, and rarely.
John never studied his lesson.
He always comes to his lesson late.
She is often late for class.
If the sentence contains an auxiliary verb, the adverb still goes before the main verb.
John has always been a good student.
He doesn’t usually eat in the cafeteria.
In the sentences below place the indicated adverb in its proper position in the sentence.
در جملات ذيل قيد نشان داده شده را در جاي مناسب آن جابجا نماييد.
1- I saw Mr. Smith in the cafeteria. (Yesterday)
2- John has been a very careful workman. (Usually)
3- He goes to Boston on business trip. (Often)
4- He stayed with me. (Seldom)
5- He bore his loses. (Cheerfully)
6- She plays the piano. (Well)
7- He is planning to visit us at our home.(tonight)
8- He has spoken to me. (Never)
9- He prepares his lesson. (Carefully)
10- He is late for class. (Always)
11- He has prepared his lesson. (Always)
12- He went of r a walk in the park. (On Sunday)
13- We go for a walk in the park on Sunday. (Usually)
14- Do you go for a walk on Sunday? (Ever)
15- I go for a walk on Sunday. (Never)
16- I spoke to Mr. Smith about that matter. (On Tuesday)
17- He promised to give me an answer. (In the morning)
18- Have you visited Chicago? (Ever)
19- DO you eat in the cafeteria. (Usually)
20- Have you eaten in the cafeteria? (Ever)
21- Have you finished writing your exercises? (Yet)
22- I have spoken to him about that. (Often)
23- Have you spoken to him about that? (Ever)
24- Has he been late for his
classes? (Always)
25- I have been to Mr. Vernon, Washington’s home. (Never)
26- I have read that book. (Twice)
27- I have read it. (Never) have you read it. (Ever)
28- Mr. and Mrs. Smith visited Mt. Vernon, Washington’s home. (Last week)
29-He is too bust to eat lunch. (Often)
30- He is leaving for Chicago. (Tomorrow)
31- Does he fail to prepare his homework? (Sometimes)
32- Does he prepare his lessons? (Generally)
33- Has he been negligent about his appearance? (Always)
34- Nobody has a bad word to say about Smith. (Ever)
35- He always does his work. (Cheerfully)
36- He does his exercises. (Rarely)(Cheerfully)
37- He is going to leave for California. (Tomorrow)
38- I met him yesterday. (There)
Word order ترتيب لغات يا
Word order is very important in English sentences. English heavily relies on word order to convey meaning. The normal word order for an English sentence is subject, verb, indirect object, direct object, adverbial modifiers. Be careful not to separate a verb and its direct object with an adverbial modifier.
ترتيب لغات در جملات انگليسي بسيار مهم است. انگليسي براي اينكه معني درست را انتقال دهد بسيار زياد بالاي ترتيب لغات متكي ميباشد ترتيب لغات عادي براي يك جمله انگليــــــسي
عبارت از فاعل؛ فغل؛ مفعول غير مستقيمو مفعول مستقيم و تشريح كننده قيدي. احتياط نماييد كه يه فغل و مفعول مستقيم آن را با يك تشريح كننده قيدي جدا نسازيد.
Wrong: I saw yesterday my friend.
Correct: I saw my friend yesterday.
Reconstruct the following sentences and put them into English form.
1- He has been two years in this country.
2- He is studying now English at Colombia University.
3- He was so excited he hardly could think.
4- The light was so bright that we had to cover from time to time our eyes.
5- John said that he had had already three drinks.
6- I even didn’t know that it was john who was calling me.
7- Is it correct that in English you must keep always the tongue high in?
the mouth.
8- IN European language we keep more the tongue in the bottom of the
mouth.
9- He comes sometimes to our house for the lesson , and I go sometimes
to his.
10- I used to like very well the theater, but now I go every night to the
movies.
11- Of course, always I speak German with my family and friends.
12- He has been two years here, or perhaps it is more even than that.
13- He is studying now French as well as English.
14- It was so cold that summer that we had to wear now and then our
overcoats.
15- I have every day to write many letters in English.
16- He said that he had seen already that movie.
17- He comes seldom to the lesson on time.
18- He gave me this morning your message.
19- Please read slowly the whole sentence.
20- We went last night to the theater.
Still / anymore
Still means “ even up to the present time. “ it indicates some continuing actions. Still usually comes before the main verb.
He is still working in the office.
They still live in that house.
Anymore indicates that an action that went on in the past has been discontinued. We usually place anymore at the end of a negative sentence.
He isn’t working in that office anymore.
They don’t live in that house anymore.
a. complete the following sentences with still or anymore.
1- He doesn’t study in this class ---------------------.
2- She is-------------- working as a clerk in Burdine’s.
3- He is --------------- teaching English in that same school.
4- Helen is ---------------- the best student in the class.
5- John is not the best student in the class--------------.
6- We never see you at the school dances-----------------.
7- They don’t live near us-------------------.
8- I seldom see Gorge -----------------.
9- We are --------------- good friends, although I rarely see them ----------.
10- Do they-----------------spend each summer in Mexico city.
11- He--------------thinks that he is the best teacher in the department.
12- Dr. Jones is not our doctor---------------------.
13- I---------------think that Helen is the most attractive girl in the whole
school.
14- They are----------------better enemies, although there is no reason for
them to feel as they do -------------------.
b. changes the following sentences from affirmative to negative.
1- We are still good friends.
(We are not good friends anymore.)
2- He is still president of the club.
3- They still live on State Street.
4- They still visit each other regularly.
5- He is still in love with her.
6- They are still living in Caracas.
7- We still see them at the club on Saturday night.
8- It is still raining.
Direct and indirect speech
Ina direct quotation, we give the words of the speaker exactly as he has spoken them.
John said,” I am going away on Wednesday.
When we wish to report someone’s words indirectly, we must change all pronouns to agree with the new sentence. If to say is in the past tense, we must follow the usual sequence of tenses.
John said that he was going away on Wednesday.
Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.
1- He said, “I will be here at noon.
(He said that he would be here at noon.)
2-Mary said,” the train will probably arrive on time.
3- He said,” I have to finish this report b y five o’clock.
4- The doctor said,” Mr. Smith will improve quickly”.
5- William said,” to me,” I am leaving in the morning.”
6- The teacher said,” Everyone has write a composition.”
7- John said,” I saw that movie on Wednesday.”
8- Helen said,” I have read that book.’
9- Mary said to John,” I cannot go to the movie with you.”
10- John said,” I have finished studying m y lesson.’
11- Mary remarked,” John speaks English well.”
12- William said to me,” I will not see Mr. John until Tuesday.’
13- Mr. Smith said,” I will refuse their offer.”
14- John said,” I certainly hope it won’t rain tomorrow,”
15- Henry said,” I can meet them later.”
16- The boy said,” I am only eight years old.”
17- She said to me,” the lights have gone out.”
18- The man said,” the telephone is out of order.”
19- He said,” I will never speak to her again.”
20- I said to the clerk clearly,” I have already paid that bill.”
Indirect speech
When we report a question in indirect speech, we express the original question in statement form.
Direct: John asked,” where does Mary live?
Indirect: John asked where Mary lived.
If the question is not introduced by some question word like why, where or when, we must introduce it in indirect speech b y whether or if.
John asked,” Does Mary live near here?
John asked where Mary lived near here.
John asked if Mary lived near here.
a. change the following sentences to indirect speech.
1- I asked h clerk,” How much this cost?”
2- Mr. Smith asked me,” where are you going?”
3- Mary asked,” Are you going to eat in cafeteria?”
4- John asked, “Did you mail that letter for me?”
5- Mr. Smith asked me,” where are you going on your vacation?”
6- I asked her,” DO you like my new hat?”
7- He asked me,” How are you today?”
8- She asked me,” When will you get back from your trip?”
9- I asked the shopkeeper,” What is the price of the tie?”
10- He asked her,” what time is it?”
11- The traveler asked,” How long does it take to get to Chicago?”
12- Then he asked,” Does it take longer to go by bus or b y train?”
13- He asked me,” What time is it?”
14- He asked me,” How long have you studied English?”
b. Choose the correct form.
1-She asked me where (was I, I was) going.
2- I don’t know what (is his name, his name is.)
3- Asked his what time (is it, it is.)
4- He wants to know where (she lives, does she live.)
5- He asked me how much (did my car cost, my car costs.)
6- I don’t know where (did he out, he put) those magazines.
7- He wants to know where (do we have, we have) our English lesson.
8- I wonder what time (it is, is it).
9- Asked him how old (is he, he is)
10- He asked me how old (was I, I was).
11- Find out where (does she live, she lives).
12- I asked her where (she lived, did she live).
13- We asked her whether (was she, she was) married.
14- He asked me how long (had I studied, I had studied) English.
15- He didn’t say where (he was, was he) going.
16- Ask him where (is Helen, Helen is).
17- I forgot where (Did I put, I put) it.
18- I don’t know, where (does he live, he lives).
19- He asked when (I would, would I) return.
20- She asked me where (was I, I was) going.
21- I asked him what time (could he, he could) meet us.
22- The teacher asked me why (was I, I was) late for class.
c. change each of the following question to an indirect statement. Begin
each one with the words given in parentheses.
1- Where is the doctor’s office? (I don’t know--------------------------------
-------------------------------- .)
(I don’t know where the doctor office is).
2- Where did Miss Smith go? (He wants to know--------------------------
---------------------------.)
3- What time is it? (I wonder--------------------------------------------------.)
4- IN which file is the letter? (Mr. Smith wants to know -----------------
-----------------------------------.)
5- How much does this cost? (I would like to know-----------------------
---------------------------------.)
6- How is he4 getting alone? (The director wants to know-----------------
------------------------------.)
7- When is he leaving for the coast? (NO one seems to know-------------------------------------------------).
8- When will Mr. Smith get back? (He asked me-----------------------------
----------------------------).
9- What is the price of this book? (She said she didn’t know---------------
----------------------------).
10- Where is he? (DO you know------------------------------------------------).
11- Did he finish his examination? (The teacher asked-----------------------
------------------------------------).
12- Does he leave in Brookline? (Ask his--------------------------------------
-------------------------------------).
13- Where did you put it? (I forget---------------------------------------------).
14- What does it mean? (I asked him------------------------------------------).
15- Where is she going? (I don’t know----------------------------------------).
16- What time is he coming back? (He didn’t tell me-----------------------
--------------------------------------------).
17- Where is it? (I don’t have any idea----------------------------------------).
18- Did she take it with her? (I really don’t know---------------------------
------------------------------------).
19- How well does she speak English? (He wants to know----------------
---------------------------------------).
20- Is he coming back today? (I’m not sure-----------------------------------
---------------------------------------).
21- Where is he going? (He didn’t tell anyone--------------------------------
---------------------------------------).
22- Did he return the book? (I don’t know-------------------------------------
-------------------------------).
Indirect speech
We express or command in indirect speech by using the infinitive form.
He said to me,” come back later.
He told me to come back later.
She said to me,” Don’t wait for me”.
She told me not to wait for me.
a. change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.
1- John said to me,” wait five minutes for me.”
2- The teacher said to us,” don’t make so much noise.”
3- He told me,” try to come on time.”
4- He begged us,” please send me some money at once.”
5- He asked me,” please set down for a few minutes.”
6- She said to me,” don’t for get what I have told you.”
7- The teacher asked us,” please be more careful when you write your composition.”
8- He said to me angrily,” done make the same mistakes again.”
9- the doctor said,” Come back again tomorrow.”
10- I said to him,” don’t call me again at this late hour.”
11- He begged me,” Please don’t mention this to Helen.”
12- I said to the boy,” Put the package inside the door.”
13- The teacher said to us,” write your composition in ink.”
14- I said to him,” Don’t ever try that same trick again.”
b. Give in indirect speech what the teacher told you to do.”{
1- Wait outside in the hall.”
2- Stay after class.”
3- Don’t make so much noise.”
4- Look out the window but don’t open the window.
5- Stop talking to Ann.
6- Sit up straight in your seat.
7- Be quite while I am talking.
8- Pay more attention to what I say.
Indirect speech review
Change the following sentences to indirect speech.
1. Ha said,
“The students need more practice in speaking.”
“These exercises are difficult for me”
“I don’t feel well.”
“No body can do that.”
I’ll be back soon.”
I may be a few minutes late.”
“I have already seen that movie.”
2. He asked me,
“Where does that girl live?”
“How old are you?”
“What time is it?”
“Where are you going?”
“How long have you studied English?”
“Do you like to study English?”
3- I don’t know,
“Where does she live?”
“What time is it?”
“Where did John go?”
“Does Helen speak English well?”
“How long has she been studying English?”
“What is her first name?”
4- I said to him,
“Wait outside for me.”
“Come back in an hour.”
“Don’t mention this to anyone.”
“Do me a favor and come back later.”
“Don’t go by bus.”
Should/ ought to
Should and ought to express obligation. They have the same meaning and cam be used interchangeably. Should is more common than ought to.
He should spend more time on his English.
He ought to spend more time on his English.
You should not smoke so much.
You ought not to smoke so much.
a. complete the following sentences with should.
1- He-------------------try to come to class on time.
1. They should not make so much noise.
2. I ought to spend more time on My English.
3. He should not smoke so much.
4. You ------------------- (learn) as many new words as possible.
5. You------------------ (ask) permission before doing it.
6. He----------------------- (take) more physical exercise.
7. You really------------------- (go) and see a doctor.
8. Some one ------------------ (tell) him all about it.
9. NO one ------------------- (spend) as much money as she does.
10. He------------------not (waste) so much time on unimportant details.
11. I--------------------- (write) them a letter but I don’t have anything to say.
12. You-------------------not (work) so hard.
13. You------------------------ (rest) more and try to build up.
14. We----------------------- (pay) more attention to what the teacher says.
b. complete the sentences above with ought to.
Should/ ought to (past tense
We form the past tense of should and ought to with have and the past participle of the main verb.
You should study more.
You should have studied more.
He ought to finish his work.
He ought to have finished his work.
Note that the past tense forms of should and ought to have negative force: they indicate that something was not done.
a. change the following sentences to past time.
1. He should study more before his examination.
(He should have studied more before his examination).
2. You should go to the beach with us.
3. She ought to prepare her work more carefully.
4. You should write your exercises in ink.
5. You ought not to say such things to him.
6. We ought to telephone him.
7. You should visit Mexico.
8. She ought to be put in elementary class.
9. The letter should be sent air mail.
10. You should speak to them in English.
11. They ought to have a dog to protect the place.
12. He should tell her about it.
13. You should pay more attention to the grammar rules.
14. WE should go t0o the beach instead of spending all day at home.
15. You ought to put some money in the bank each week.
16. You shouldn’t be so generous with your money.
b. using the past form of should, complete the following sentences in your own words.
1- John went to the movie last night, but he---------------------------------
(John went to the movie last night but he should have stayed at home
and prepared his lessons.
2-You waited for me on the corner of 33rd Street but you -----------------
----------------------------------------------------- .
3- He sent the letter by regular mail but he----------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------- .
4- She came at eight o’clock but she------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------- .
5- I went to Pennsylvania station to meet them but I----------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------- .
6- He gave Helen the money but he------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------- .
7- He spoke to them in English but he---------------------------------------
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8- He took a business course in college but he-----------------------------
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9- You prepared lesson 10 but you-------------------------------------------
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10- You wrote your composition in pencil but-----------------------------
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11- She put the letter on Mr. Smith’s desk but-----------------------------
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12- We drove to New York but we-----------------------------------------
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13- He went into the business with his father but--------------------------
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14- They spent their entire vacation in Mexico city but they-------------
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15- I called him at his office but I-------------------------------------------
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16-He invested all his money in stocks but he-----------------------------
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17- She gave the message to Mr. Smith but she----------------------------
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18- He spent all his money on a new car but he----------------------------
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c. Repeat the exercises above using the past form of ought to.
1- John went to the movies last night but he---------------------------
(John went to the movies last night but he ought to have stayed at
home and prepared his lessons.)
Conditional sentences (future possible)
A conditional sentence has two clauses, a dependent clause beginning with if and a main clause.
If you study, you will pass your exam.
In a future possible conditional sentence, the dependent clause is in the present, and the main clause is in the future tense.
If I have enough money, I will fly to California.
Supply the form of the verb in parentheses to make future possible conditions.
1- If john studies hard, he------------------------- (pass) his examination.
2- If I finish my work in time, I ------------------ (go) to the ball game.
3- If I see Henry, I--------------------- (give) him your message.
4- If he works hard, he----------------naturally---------------- (succeed).
5- If you don’t hurry, we ----------------------- (be) late for class.
6- If hr tries hard, he----------------------- (find) a job somewhere.
7- If he fails the test, he--------------------- (have) to repeat the course.
8- If the weather is nice tomorrow, we--------------------- (go) to the beach.
9- If he arrives on time, I--------------------- (speak) with him.
10-If I have time tomorrow, I -------------------- (go) shopping with you.
-------------------------
1- If I----------------- (find) the book, I will give it to you.
2- If the weather -------------- (be) warm, we will go to the park tomorrow.
3- If you------------------- (turn) out the light, we will be inn the dark.
4-If you--------------- (save) your money, you will be able to go on a vacation.
5- If you----------------- (drive) slowly, you wont have any accident.
6- If John--------------- (call), I will speak to him.
7- If you---- (learn) how to swim, you can go with us to the beach on Sunday.
8- If you------------ (go) to Mexico, you will be able to practice your Spanish.
9- If the train------------ (be) late, we wont be able to see them.
10- If you------------- (study) hard, you can easily pass your examinations.
Conditional sentences (present unreal)
In a present unreal conditional sentence, the dependent clause is in the past tense and the main clause use would, should, could or might.
If you studied, you would pass your exam.
If I had enough money, I would fly to California.
Supply the form of the verb in parentheses to make present unreal conditions.
1- If I knew her well, I--------------- (speak) to her.
2- If he attended class regularly, he------------------- (make) good progress.
3- If we had the money, we -------------------- (take) a trip to South America.
4- If he went to bed earlier, he-----------not------------ (feel) so tired.
5- If he drove more carefully, he------------------- (have) fewer accidents.
6-If he paid his debts; people-------------------- (respect) him more.
7- If I knew English better, I ----------------------- (read) some English novels.
8- If he prepared his homework every night, he ------------ (get) better grades.
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1- If I-------------------- (own) an automobile, I would take a trip to California.
2- If she------------------ (work) harder, she would probably get a better salary.
3- If I--------------------- (know) how to drive, I would buy a car.
4- If he ---------------- (know) more grammar, he would make fewer mistakes.
5- If he------------not------------ (waste) so much time in class, he would make
better progress.
6- If we----------------- (leave) right away, we could be there in an hour.
7- If you-------- (take) the noon train, you would get there about four o’clock.
8- If I ------------not------------ (have) to work today, I would go to the beach
with you.
Conditional sentences (present unreal)
Dependent clauses of present- unreal conditional sentences use the past tense of all verbs except to be, to be uses were in all persons in these clauses.
I were we were
You were you were
He were
She were they were
It were
If I were you, I would study.
If he were here, he could answer your question.
Supply the form of the verb in parentheses to make present unreal conditions.
1- If I---------- (be) you, I would mention it to her.
2- If today--------------- (be) Saturday, I would not have to work.
3- If I ------------- (be) in your position, I would think twice before doing that.
4- If today-------------- (be) a holiday, we could go to the beach.
5- If the weather------------- (be) not so hot, I am sure she would feel better.
6- If John-------------- (be) here, he would help us with this work.
7- If you-------------- (be) a millionaire, how would you spend your time.
-----------------------------------------
1-If George were here with us, I --------------- (feel) more comfortable.
2- If they were really poor, they--------------not (be) able to live as they do.
3- If I were in New York now, I--------- (go) to some of the summer concerts.
4- If Helen were here, she----------------- (know) what to do.
5- If I were you, I------------------ (tell) everyone the truth about the matter.
6- If I were a millionaire, I--------------------- (live) on the French river.
7- If he were more ambitious, he----------------- (try) to find a better job.
Conditional sentences (past unreal)
In a past unreal conditional sentence, the dependent clause is in the past perfect tense and the main clause uses would have, should have, could have or might have.
If you had studied, you would have passed your exam.
If I had had enough money, I would have flown to California.
Supply the form of the verb in parentheses to make past unreal conditions.
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