د انګلیسی د درس شپږمه برخــه

 

a.      Complete the following sentences with a possessive adjective or a possessive pronoun.

جملات ذیل را با صفات ملکی یا ضمیر ملکی تکمیل نمایید.                                

1-     William lost (his) pen. Will you please lend me (yours)?

2-     I was on time for------------class, but Helen was late for--------.

3-     We naturally prefer -----------our methods and they naturally prefer-------------.

4-     They have-------------methods of travel, and we have ----------.

5-     I found------ notebook, but John couldn’t find -----------.

6-     They think that------------ home is the prettiest on the block, and we think ------------.

7-     I left-----------pen at home. May I borrow ------------for a moment?

8-     He drives to work in ------------ car, and she drives to work in --------------.

9-     Tell William not to forget to bring -----------tennis racket, and don’t forget to bring-------------.

10- They swim in------------pool, and we swim in------------.

11- I have--------------vacation in June, and Helen has ------------in July.

12- I found-------------umbrella, but Helen couldn’t find----------.

13- We were late for---------- class, and Helen and Grace were also late for-------------.

14- John enjoys ------------work, and I enjoy -------------.

15- Each student in the school has----------own desk and------------ own locker.

16- I borrowed money from all -------------friends, but Helen refused to borrow any money from----------.

17- We have a television set in ----------------bedroom, and the boys have another set in ---------------.

18- Where are you going on----------------vacation? I hope to spend ------------in Europe.

19- They have------------ideas on such matters, and we have --------.

20- We spend-----------money in one way; they spend------------in another way.

 

Reflexive pronouns ضمایر انعکاسی

              Myself                   ourselves

              Yourself                yourselves

              Himself                

              Herself                  themselves

              Itself

We use reflexive pronouns to refer back to the subject of the sentence.

ما ضمایر انعکاسی را جهت رجوع نمودن به فاعل جمله استعمال نماییم.                              

                   The man shot himself.

                   She burned herself.

We also use reflexive pronouns to give emphasis to some person or things mentioned in the sentence.

ما ضمایر انعکاسی را جهت تاًکید نمودن به بعضی اشخاص و یا اشیا که در جمله ذکر شده است هم استعمال مینماییم.                                                                                              

                             I myself will do the work.

                             The car itself was undamaged.

a. supply the necessary reflexive pronoun . (Note that these are all examples of the reflexive use of such pronouns.)

 ضمایر انعکاسی ضروری را استعمال نمایید. تمام مثال های ازاستعمال ضمایر انعکاسی مانند چنین ضمایر میباشد.قرار ذیل.

1-the little girl hurt---------------when she fell.

2- We protect --------------from the rain with an umbrella.

3- The girl taught -------------to sew.

4- Both bys taught ---------------- to swim.

5- We all enjoyed ---------------at he concert last night.

6- The children amuse ----------------- with kitten

7- The policeman shot ---------------by accident.

8- Did you enjoy ---------------------at he party last night.

9- You will cut -------------------with that knife if you are not careful.

10- I once cut --------------badly with the same knife.

11- I blame ------------for all that trouble.

12- She likes to look at----------------- in the mirror.

13- My father shaves -----------------every morning.

14- Helen cut------------------on a piece of glass.

15- The child is not old enough to dress--------------------.

16-The dog hurt ------------when it jumped over the fence.

17- Helen and I enjoyed --------------------very much at the party last night.

18- You shouldn’t really blame ---------------------- for that mistake.

b. Supply the necessary reflexive pronouns. (Note that these are all examples of the emphatic use of reflexive pronouns.)

 ضمایر انعکاسی ضروری را استعمال نمایید. اینها تماماً مثالهای از استعمال ضمایر انعکاسی میباشد.                                                                                                                

1- John -----------will make all the preparations for the trip.

2- I-------------will have little to do.

3- Helen said that she---------------saw the man enter the office.

4- The policeman ------------shot the thief.

5- We------------------ made the first offer to buy the business.

6- The president ---------------------will deliver the principal address.

7- She says that she--------------will be responsible for the debt.

8- I----------------refused to take part in the matter.

9- The boys -----------------------will cut the grass once a week.

10- The captain ----------------led the attack against the enemy.

11- the pupil ------------------decorated the classroom with flags and flowers.

12- The detective -----------------committed the murder.

13- I----------------don’t like that restaurant.

14- It was you-------------------recommended it so highly.

15- They-----------------will provide the money.

16- John ----------------mailed the letter.

17- They -------------------arranged the matter in that form.

18- You ---------------------must speak to him about it.

Reflexive pronouns ضمایر انعکاسی

(Continued)

When we use a reflexive pronoun with by, we mean "alone" or "without help"

                   She lives by herself

                   He built this house by himself.

In place of the word alone, substitute the preposition by and the required reflexive pronoun.

 و ضمیر انعکاسی ضروری را جانشین نمایید.            By حرف اضافه aloneبعوض لغت

1- He went for a walk in the park alone.

    (He went for a walk in the park by himself.)

2-They made the long trip through the woods alone.

3- I don’t like to go to the movies alone.

4- Helen however prefers to go to the movies alone.

5- John likes to take long walks in the woods alone.

6- The old man lives alone in a cabin in the woods.

7- John works alone in a small office.

8- My aunt, although she is rather rich, prefers to live alone.

9- Do you like to eat alone?

10- I went to the opera last night alone.

11- The girls will study alone in one group and the boys will study alone in a

      Second group.

12- One shouldn’t spend too much time alone.

13- She sits alone and stares out of the window all day long.

14- I can finish this work alone.

15- He prefers to do his homework alone.

16- The dog found its way home alone.

17- He plans to make a trip to Mexico alone.

18- The girls sat alone in a corner all during the party.

Present perfect tenseزمان حال کامل

We form the present perfect tense with have (has) and the past participle * of the main verb.

ما زمان حال کامل را با have/has و شکل سوم فعل اساسی میسازیم.

                                 We have worked         I have worked.                You have worked.                    You have worked.   

 He has worked.  

She has worked                        they have worked 

. It has worked.

The present perfect tense describes an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past.

زمان حال کامل عمل را تشریح میکند که در زمان گذشته در یک وقت نا معین واقع شده باشد.

          I have read that book.

They have moved to Los Angeles.

The present perfect tense also describes an action that was repeated several times in the past.

زمان حال کامل همچنان عمل را تشریح میکند که در زمان گزشته چندین بار واقع شده باشد.

I have read that book several times.         

He ahs studied this lesson over and over. 

--------------------------------------------------------------  supply the present perfect tense form of the verbs in parentheses.

شکل زمان حال کامل فعل  را در قوسها بگذارید.            

1- I-------------- (spoken) to him about it several times.

2-we ---------------- (finish) all our homework.

3- He ------------------- (visit) us many times.

4- She-------------------- (return) my book at last.

5- I am afraid that I------------------- (lose) my car keys.

6- We--------------------- (be) in Mexico many times.

7- I---------------------- (study) this same exercise before.

8- We-------------------- (learn) many new words in this course.

9- I --------------------- (tell) John what you said.

10- I--------------------- (hear) that story before.

11- We ------------------- (lend) money to them.

12- Mr. Smith --------------------- (go) to South America to work.

13- He--------------------- (make) that same mistake several times.

14- She------------------- (see) that movie three times.

15-He--------------------- (make) and ----------- (lose) several fortune.

Note: the past participle of the regular verbs is the same as the past tense form.

Walked, talked, studied etc. The past participles of irregular verbs are often very irregular and must simply be memorized.

نوت: شکل سوم افعال با قاعده با شکل گذشته و یا دوم آن فرق ندارد. اما شکل سوم افعال بیقاعده غالباً بیقاعده میباشد ضرور است تا باید اشکال آن به حافظه سپرده شود.        

زمان حال کاملPresent perfect tense

Sentences using the present perfect tense never mention an exact time of action. If we wish to mention or imply an exact time for an action, we use the simple past tense.

جملات که زمان حال حاضر در آن استعمال شده باشد هیچگاه زمان دقیق عمل را ذکر نمیکند.اگر ما بخواهیم که زمان عمل را ذکر کنیم ما از زمان گذشته ساده کار میگیریم.

                                                         He has gone to New York.

                            He went to New York yesterday.

                           I have called you several times.

                           I called you last night.

In the following sentences, supply either the past tense or the present perfect tense of the verbs in parentheses.

در جملات ذیل افعال را از زمان گذشته ساده و یا زمان حال کامل  که در قوسها میباشد بگذارید.        

1- I------------------ (visit) Chicago many times.

2- Mr. Smith------------------ (go) to Chicago last week.

3- I------------------- (read) that book several times.

4- I first------------------ (read) it while I was on my vacation.

5- I------------------- (be) in Philadelphia many times.

6- Mr. Smith ----------------- (have) little experience in teaching that subject.

7- John----------------- (fall) as he was crossing the street.

8- I------------------- (see) Mary a few days ago.

9- When the bell rang, John----------------- (jump) from his seat and--------------- (run) from the room.

10- I------------------- (try) that restaurant again and again but I do not like the food there.

11- When I was a boy, I often ---------------- (go) fishing with my father.

12- I--------------------- (complete) writing my exercise at last.

13- He------------------ (start) to study English last winter.

14- The day before yesterday, we --------------- (have) a bad storm.

15- I hear that you ------------------ (give) up the idea of studying Russian.

16- I----------------never----------- (be) at Radio City.

17- It--------------- (be) very cold yesterday.

18- We------------------ (learn) many new words in this course.

19- The First World War ------------- (begin) in 1914 and---------- (end) in 1918.

20- She says that she ---------------- (lose) her pocketbook.

 

زمان حال کامل                          Present perfect tense

We also use the present perfect tense to describe an action that began in the past and has continued up to the present.

و ما همچنا ن زمان حال کامل را بخاطر تشریح اعمال که در گذشته شروع شده و تا حال ادامه دارد استعمال مینمایم.              

                   He ahs worked here for two years. (He is still working here).

                  They have lived here since June. (They are still working here).

Note the difference in meaning between the following sentences:

فرق بین معنی جملات ذیل را نوت نمایید.

     He has worked here for two years. (He is still working here).        

He worked here for two years. (But he doesn’t work here anymore).          

Supply the correct tense, simple past tense or present perfect tense of the verb in parentheses.

شکل درست زمان گذشته ساده و یا زمان حال کامل افعال را که در قوسها آمده بگذارید.    

1- We are now living on 72nd street where we ---------------- (live) for two years.

2- We------------ (live) In Washing from 1950 to 1955.

3- Before he came to the United States John ---------------- (work) as a carpenter.

4- Since coming here, however, he---------------- (work) as a clerk.

5- My former teacher was Miss Smith. I---------------- (study) with her for one year.

6- My present teacher Is Mr. Jones. I ----------------- (study) with him for six months.

7- It is natural that Mary speaks English well because she--------------- (speak) English all her life.

8- John---------------- (work) hard all his life. (He is alive).

9- John ---------------- (work) hard all his life. (He is dead).

10- Mr. Smith -------------- (leave) New York last month and------------- (work) in Pittsburgh since then.

11- John, who is now in the fourth grade----------------- (study) English for two years.

12- I myself ------------------ (study) English steadily since 1956.

13- Henry, who is now in the hospital ------------------ (be) there for several weeks.

14- When I saw him, John ---------------- (feel) very well.

15- We------------- (buy) this car two years ago and---------- (drive) it 5000 miles since then.

16- Up to the present time, I ------------never---------- (be) further west than Chicago.

زمان حال جاری کاملPresent perfect continues tense

We from the present perfect continues tense with have (has) been and the present participle of the main verb.

ما زمان حال کامل جاری را با  have /hasو شکل present participle  فعل اساسی میسازیم.        

                                                                                                                    I have been working.          We have been working.

You have been working.     You have been working.

He has been working.

She has been working.       They have been working.

It has been working.

The present perfect continues tense describes an action that began in the past and ahs continued up to the present. In many cases it can be used interchangeably with the present perfect tense.

زمان خال کامل جاری عمل را نشان میدهد که در گذشته شروع شده و تا حال ادامه داشته باشد در بعضی اوقات ما میتوانیم آنرا به عوض زمان حال کامل استعمال نماییم.      

                They have lived here for five years.

                They have been living here for five years.

Change the present perfect tense verbs from the simple to the continues form.

زمان حال کامل را از شکل ساده آن به شکل جاری تبدیل نمایید.         

1- He has worked in that firm for many years.   

   (He has been working in that firm for many years.)

2- They have talked for more than an hour.

3- They have traveled all over Europe.

4- HE ahs slept for more than ten hours.

5- It has rained all day long.

6- He has studied English for many years.

7- We have used this text book since January.

8- He ahs taught English for ten years.

9- They have lived in Caracas since 1955.

10- The two nations have quarreled between themselves for many years.

11- She has taken good care of him.

12- They have looked everywhere for the thief.

13- He has done very little work recently.

14- John has worked very hard recently.

15- They have argued about that for more than an hour.

 

Perfect tense (negative and question form)

شکل منفی و سوالی زمان حال کامل

We form negative with the present perfect and the present perfect continues tenses by placing not after have(has).

Have/has بعد از notما شکل منفی را در زمان حال کامل و زمان حال کامل جاری با گذاشتن

     میسازیم.                                                                                                                   

They have not lived there very long.

She has not been studying English.

The contraction haven't and hasn't are generally used.

We form question with the perfect tenses by placing have (has).

 before the subject.

 عموماً استعمال میشود.                                                Haven’t/hasn'tشکل اختصار شده

 قبل از فاعل میسازیم.                      Have/has  ما شکل سوالی زمان حال کامل را با گذاشتن

 

                  Have they lived there very long?

                  Has she been studying English?

a. Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. Use the contracted form.

جملات ذیل را از مثبت به منفی در صورت استعمال شکل اختصاری آن تبدیل نمایید.

1- HE has worked very hard at that job.

2- She has been teaching there many years.

3- They have been waiting there along time.

4-He ahs spoken to Mr. Smith about it.

5- You have been studying English a long time.

6- He has been the best student in the class.

7-She has been taking music lesson many years.

8- They have been discussing the matter all they long.

9- She ahs been sick since Wednesday.

10- They have returned home.

11- He has known her a long time.

12- John has found his fountain pen.

13- Mr. Reese ahs left for Chicago.

14- Ha ahs told her all about it.

15- They have been absent from class all week.

16- They have been having trouble with their new car.

17- He has been feeling well recently.

18- They have been married a long time.

 

b. Change the sentences above to question.

جملات فوق را به سوالیه تبدیل نمایید.

         Perfect tenses (negative and question form)

       شکل منفی و سوالی زمان حال کامل

(continued)

c. Change the following sentences to question beginning with how long.

 آغاز گردد.How longجمالت ذیل را به سوالیه در صورت تبدیل نمایید که با

1- He has been working for that firm for ten years.

  (How long has he been working for that firm.)

2- They have been married for five years.

3- They have been living in that same house for twenty years.

4- He has been absent from class for two weeks.

5- She has been studying English since June.

6- They have been arguing for more than an hour.

7- They have been friend for years.

8- He ahs been teaching English ever since he graduated from college.

9- It has been raining like this for an hour.

10- She ahs been a citizen since January.

11- He has been attending that school for four years.

12- They have occupied that same apartment for ten years.

13- He ahs been doing that same kind of work for many years.

14- She has been in the hospital for two months.

15- They have been driving that same car ever since I have known them.

16- The dog has been lying in that corner since this morning.

17- He has been principle of the school since February.

18- She ahs been waiting for him for an hour.

                                                   

                           For/ Since

For shows the length of time of the action.

طول انجام یکعمل را نشان میدهد. For

              He has worked there for six months.

Since shows the time that the action began.

زمان شروع عمل را نشان میدهد.               Since

             He has worked there since February.

a. Change these sentences to introduce since in place of for. Then make whatever other changes are necessary.

 جملات ذیل را در صورت تبدیل نمایید که since به عوض  for استعال شود. بعد از آن هر تغییر که ضروری باشد بسازید.

1-She ahs been sick for three days.

   (She ahs been sick since Wednesday.

2- We have been living here for three years.

3- John has worked for that firm for six months.

4- I have not seen him for several days.

5- I have not eating anything for two days.

6- We have been planning this trip for a year.

7- It has been raining steadily for eight hours.

8- I have not smoked a cigarette for two days.

9- We have been waiting for you for two hours.

10- He ahs been in the hospital for almost a month.

 

b. change these sentences to introduce for instead  of since. Than make whatever other changes are necessary.

جملات ذیل را در صورت تبدیل نمایید که for به عوض  since استعال شود.بعداً هر تغییر که ضروری باشد بسازید.     

1- He has been absent since Monday.

   (He has been absent for three days.)

2- We haven’t seen them since February.

3- WE have lived in the same house since 1955.

4- They have been friends since high school.

5- It has been snowing steadily since last nigh.

6- They have been living with her parents since they were married.

7- He ahs worked for that firm since 1957.

8- I have not seen her since last week.

9-The dog hasn't eaten anything since Wednesday.

10- They haven't sent him any money since last summer.

 

                              Yet/ already

We use yet only in negative and questions.

                                             .را تنها با سوالیه و جملات منفی استعمال مینماییم yet  ما

                       John hasn't called yet.

                       Has John called yet?

We use already in affirmative statements and questions.

.                                           را با جملات مثبت و سوالی استعمال مینماییم. already ما

                      They have already left.

                      Have they already left?

a. Completes the following sentences with yet or already.

تکمیل نمایید yetوalready    جملات ذیل را با

1-He hasn’t called us ------------.

2- They have-------------mailed the chick.

3- IS it time for us to leave------------?

4- John has-------------bought the tickets for the game.

5- We have -----------signed the contract.

6- We have--------------been to Mexico three times.

7- But you haven't visited Taxco -----------.

8- Has John gotten his new car--------------.

9- Has the class begun -------------? No, not -------------.

10- Have the police found the thief ------------?

11- They haven't even started to look for him-------------.

12- The plane has --------------left the airport.

 

b. Give a negative answer with yet to the following questions.

به سوالیه های ذیل بدهید.  yetیک جواب منفی را با

1-Has John left yet?

   (No, John hasn’t left yet.)

2- Has the mail arrived yet?

3- Have you finished your homework yet?

4- Has Mr. Smith returned from lunch yet?

5- Have you paid that bill yet?

6- Has the class begun yet?

7- Has George found a job yet?

8- Has the boat sailed yet?

9- Have you bought the tickets for the game yet?

10- Have you ridden in John's new car yet?

 

c. Give an affirmative answer with already to the questions above.

یک جواب مثبت را به سوالیه های ذیل بدهید.

1- Ahs John left yet?

   (Yes, John has already left.)

 

                          Say/ Tell

We use say for direct quotation. را برای بیان های مستقیم استعمال مینماییم.  say  ما

John said," I am very busy.

Mary said to me," I don’t feel well.

We use say for indirect quotation when the person to whom the words are said is not mentioned.

را زمان برای بیان های غیر مستقیم استعمال میکنیم که شخصیکه به آن لغات استعمال Say  ما

شده باشد ذکر نشده باشد.

                        John said that he was very busy.

We use tell for indirect quotation when the person to whom the words are said is mentioned.

 را زمان به بیان های غیر مستقیم استعمال میکنیم که کلمات که به کسی که گفته شده باشدTell  ما

 ذکر شده باشد.

                        Mary told me that she didn’t feel well.

We also use tell in the following special ways:

را به طرق خاص ذیل هم استعکال مینماییم. Tellما همچنان

To tell the truth      to tell a lie     to tell a story     to tell about something

 

a. Supply the correct form of say or tell in the following sentences.

 شکل درست را بگدارید.    say و tell در جملات ذیل

1-Mary --------- (that) she was very busy yesterday.

2- Mary -------------me (that) she was very busy yesterday.

3- I----------my boss (that) I could not finish my work in time.

4- John----------me all about his trip. He---------- (that) it was very interesting.

5- Please-----------me about the movie which you saw last night.

6- Grace ------------to me," I will never speak to him again.

7- I------------William (that) I could not go to the movie with him.

8- The boy-----------his mother a lie, and she punished him severally. I believe he will always -----------tell the truth in the future.

9- The teacher told us (that) she was too busy to see us after class.

10- These twin brothers look so much alike (that) I cannot -----------them apart.

11-Mr. and Mrs. Smith -------------us all about their recent trip to Mexico. They ----------- (that) Mexico was a very interesting and picturesque country.

12- William-----------to m," IS it necessary to write all my exercises in ink?"

13- ---------me just what you ----------John yesterday about your vacation plans. He----------- (that) he wanted to go with you.

14- William always ----------the truth because his parents have trained him never to----------a lie.

15- John-------------- (that) he was too tired to go to the park with us.

16- The teacher ----------the class (that) she was not satisfied with their work.

17- My boss----------me (that) I could take my vacation in July.

18- Can you -----------me how I can reach Pennsylvania Station.

19- John----------- (that) English is difficult for him.

20- I have-----------him the same thing several times.

21- William ------------ (that) the book belonged to Mr. Smith.

22- I--------------him (that) I taught it belonged to Helen.

23- As part of his speech, the president ---------the audience several humorous stories.

24- It was Mary who-----------us (that) the plane was air conditioned.

25- Will you please -----------me what time is it?

26-Who-----------you (that) Mr. Reese was a former army officer.

 

a.      Change these sentences to introduce tell in place of say. Then make whatever other changes are necessary.

 تبدیل نمایید. بعد از آن هر تغییر Say به عوض Tell این جملات را جهت معرفی نمودن

که ضروری باشد بیاورید.                                                                                         

1- He said that he did not feel well.

    (He told me that he did not feel well.)

2- John said that he could not attend the meeting.

3- She said that she had a bad headache.

4- Mr. Smith said that he was too busy to see us.

5- George said that he didn’t have enough money to buy the tickets.

6- I said that I was going to boy the tickets.

7- The student said that he didn’t know the meaning of many words in the lesson.

8- The man said that there were plenty of seats available.

9- The farmer said that he expected a good crop.

10- The man said that he was German by birth.

11- He also said that he was a good friend of John's.

12- Helen said that she had a lot of work to do.

 

b.     Change these sentences to introduce say instead of tell. Then make whatever other changes are necessary.

تبدیل نمایید. بعد از آن هر تغییر tell به عوض say این جملات را جهت معرفی نمودن

که ضروری باشد بیاورید.                                                                                         

1- He told us that he was too tired to go out.

    (He said that he was too tired to go out.)

2- She told us that she know how to speak French well.

3- I told him that I was too busy to see him.

4- We told him that there were many things worse than loss of hearing.

5- The teacher told us that she was not satisfied with our work.

6- The doctor told me that I must rest more.

7- He told me that he knew her well.

8- I told the boys that they should not make so much noise.

9- We told them that the train was late.

10- I told him that it was useless to wait any longer.

11- He told the girl that he was not married.

12- I told the teacher that I enjoyed my lessons very much.

 

                                        May

ماmay را بخاطر استعمال مینماییم که اجازه  We use May to show permission.

گرفتن را نشان بدهد                                                      You may smoke here.

                (You are permitted to smoke here).

We also use may to indicate possible future action.

ما همچنان mayرا جهت نشان دادن اعمال ممکنه آینده استعمال مینماییم.  

                He may leave tomorrow.

               (It is possible that he will leave tomorrow).

a. Change each of the following sentences so as to introduce may.

هر جمله ذیل را با استعمال نمودن may  تبدیل نمایید.

1-It is possible that he will return later.

   (He may return later.)

2- It is possible that Jane will help us with the work.

3- It is possible John will be at the meeting to night.

4- Perhaps Mr. Smith will lend us the money.

5- Perhaps she will telephone you later.

6- Possibly William will offer to lend his car.

7- Possibly the weather will get warmer tomorrow.

8- It is possible that she is sick.

9- It is possible you will feel better later.

10- Perhaps it will not rain this afternoon.

11- It is possible that we will be late for the meeting.

12- Perhaps he will not want to go with us.

13- Possibly they will go by plane.

14- Perhaps they will go to South America instead of to Europe on their vacation.

 

c.     Answer each of these questions using may. Also add I'm not sure at the end of your answer.

را در ختم I am Not sure جواب دهید.و همچنان May این سوال ها را با استعمال

جواب تان اضافه نمایید.                                                                                        

1- Will Helen help us with the work?

     (She may help us with the work.) I'm not sure.

2- Will john pass all his examination?

3- Will Mr. Smith be back by noon?

4- Will John drive us to the beach?

5- Are you going to the movies tonight?

6- Are you going to Europe on your vacation?

7- Will Helen wait for us after the lesson?

8- Will you see John tomorrow?

9- Will George lend us the money which we need?

10- Are Mr. and Mrs. Smith going to take the children with them to New York?

 

Past perfect tenseزمان گذشته کامل

 

 We form the past perfect tense with had and the past participle of the main verb.

 و شکل سوم فعل اسسا سی میسازیم. had       ما زمان گذشته کامل را با

                                          I had gone.             We had gone.

                      You had gone.        You had gone.

                      HE had gone.        

                                        She had gone.         They had gone.

                      It had gone.

We use the past perfect tense to describe an action that took place in the past before another past action.

ما زمان گذشته کامل را جهت اعمال که قبل از یکعمل دیگر صورت گرفته باشد استعمال مینماییم.

                      By the tome we arrived they have gone.

                      She said that she had seen that movie.

Supply the past perfect tense of the verbs in parentheses.

شکل زمان گذشته کامل را که در قوسها آمده بگذارید.                                                 

1-     He said he ------------ (look) everywhere for the book.

2-     Helen------------------ (leave) by the time we arrived.

3-     The police reported that they finally -------------------------- (capture) the thief.

4-     I met them before I---------------- (go) a hundred yards.

5-     I saw that we ----------------- (take) the wrong road.

6-     He knew that he-------------------- (make) a serious mistake.

7-     I felt that I-------------------- (meet) the man somewhere before.

8-     He asked me why I----------------- (leave) the party so early.

9-     He wanted to know what------------------ (happen) to his briefcase.

10-Previously he ------------------- (be) a very good student.

11- It was clear that he-------------------- (give) us the wrong address.

12- The teacher corrected the exercise which I ------------- (prepare).                       

    13- What did he say he-------------------- (do) with the money.

    14- He said he ---------------------- (have) his lunch.

    15- I was sure that I------------------- (see) the man before.

    

                       As-------------As

We use as---------as to express equality of comparison. We can use this phrase with both adjective and adverbs.

را جهت اظهار نمودن مساوات مقایسوی استعمال مینماییم.ما میتوانیم این عبارت را با هردو صفت و قید استعمال نماییم.as--------asما

She is as tall as he.

He is as old as I am.

She works as rapidly as he.

He can run as fast as I can.

Supply the phrase as---------as. Also change all adjectives to their correspondening adverb forms where necessary.

را بگذارید و همچنان صفت را به قید مربوط آن جای که ضرور است .تبدیل as------- asعبارت نمایید.

1- John is--------tall--------his brother.

2- Our apartment is --------large----------yours.

3- This street is ----------- (wide) ----------Broadway.

4- He is not -------- (intelligent) --------his brother.

5- I don’t get up every morning --------(early) --------my parents.

6- She sings -------- (beautiful) --------she plays.

7- We came ---------- (quick) ------we could.

8- We drove there ------- (fast) --------we could.

9- He doesn’t speak English -------- (good) ---------his sister.

10- Helen doesn’t prepare her homework ------ (careful) ------ she should.

11- He doesn’t attend class --------- (regular) -------he should.

12- He didn’t arrive --------- (early) -------we expected.

13- She can do the work -------- (easy) --------I.

14- He doesn’t work --------- (hard) ------the other students.

15- I came --------- (soon) --------possible.

16- I don’t believe that it is -------- (cold) today --------it was yesterday.

17- Her pronunciation is not--------- (good) --------yours.

18- We visit them --------- (often) -------we can.

 

 

Sequence Of Tenses ترتیب جملات

If the main verb of a sentence is in the past tense, all other dependent verbs are usually in the past tense too.

اگر فعل اساسی یک جمله در زمان گذشته باشد تمام افعال وابسته دیگر آن معمولاً در زمان گذشته میباشد.

He says he will bring the money tomorrow.

He said he would bring the money tomorrow.

I think I can come today.

I taught I could come today.

Note the irregular past tense forms of the following auxiliaries.

اشکال زمان گذشته افعال کمکی ذیل را نوت نمایید.

Will            would

Can            Could

May           might

Have          had

a. Change each of the following sentences to past time.

تمام جملات ذیل را به زمان گذشته تبدیل نمایید.

1-The newspaper says the president will arrive in the morning.

(The newspaper said the president would arrive in the morning.)

2- She says she can not do this work.

3- She says her name is Smith.

4- I think I can finish this report by five o'clock.

5- The weathermen predicted that ti will rain tomorrow.

6- Mr. Smith says he is very busy.

7- She complains that she has a headache.

8- He thinks he may finish his work by two o'clock.

9- I do not think I can complete this report on schedule.

10- He promises that the error will not occur again.

11- He says the mail will certainly be here by noon.

12- The students think they are making sufficient progress.

13- They say the weather will probably be cold next week.

14- I think it will rain today.

15- He hops he can get there on time.

16- I don't think I will see you again.

17- She says she may be late.

18- I think he is out of town.

19- He says he can not do it.

20- He complains that nobody believe a word he says.

21- I am certain that the price will go up soon.

22- He tells me that prices are sure to rise.

23- He promises faithfully that he will deliver the goods tomorrow.

24- He hopes he may reach home before night.

25- He says that he has known her for many years

26- She says she has lived there three years.

27- She thinks she can get here by noon.

28- He says he is taking English lessons from Miss Smith.

29- The jury declares that the prisoner is guilty.

30- They feel sure the battle will be over before tomorrow.

31- I wonder what changes the new chairman will introduce.

32- He swears he has never seen the man before.

 

b.Change the following sentences from past to present.

1- He said he would leave in the morning.

(He says he will leave in the morning.

2- They taught they had found the thief but they were mistaken.

3- He taught the mail would surely be here by noon.

4- The paper said it would rain today.

5- She said her name was Jones.

6- He said that he was too busy to come to class.

7- I did not think he could finish that report today.

8- He said he would be here by noon.

9- I did not think she'd come.

10- Did he say he'd call again?

11- She promised faithfully she'd try to do better work.

12- He told me he thought prices were going up.

13- He said he had found the book.

14- She said she couldn't understand what I meant.

 

 

 

Must/ Have to

We use must or have to to express necessity or strong obligation.

را جهت اظهار نمودن ضرورت و اشد مجبوریت استعمال میکنیم. Must یا have to ما

You must go home.

John must work tonight.

You have to go home.

John has to go home.

Substitutes have to for must in the following sentences.

در جملات ذیل جانشین سازید. Have to را به عوض must

1- He must leave at once.

(He has to leave at once.)

2- They must stay there at least an hour.

3- You must send it by airmail.

4- He must have more practice in conversation.

5-They must help her with that work.

6- You must speak to him about it today.

7- HE must spend more time on his homework.

8- You must write them a letter.

9- We must leave before Helen gets here.

10- WE must learn at least ten new words every day.

11- You must insert it.

12- I must take this package to the post office.

13- He must give you a receipt.

14- They must spend more time on their English.

15- You must pay more attention to pronunciation.

16- You must help her in every way possible.

 

Have to( past, future, and present perfect forms)

اشکال گذشته و آینده وحال کامل have to

Must has no past or future tense forms. We use have to to express obligation or necessity in past, future, and present perfect tenses.

را جهت اظهار نمودن مجبوریتها و Have to شکل گذشته و آینده را دارا نمیباشد. ما Must

 

ضرورت در زمان گذشته آینده و و حال کامل استعمال مینماییم.

I have to work tonight.

I had to work last night.

I will have to work tomorrow.

I have had to work every night this week.

a. Change the following sentences to the past.

1-He has to get up early.

(He had to get up early.)

2- SHE has to have more money.

3- We have to do this at once.

4- Everyone has to work overtime.

5- He has to learn English quickly.

6- He has to go to the post office.

7- She has to return later.

8- He has to see the doctor a second time.

9- We have to lend him some money.

10- You have to spend more time on your homework.

11- They have to leave for New York immediately.

12- We have to remain there all summer.

13- You have to spend it by parcel post.

14- He has to give me a receipt.

15- They have to converse in Spanish.

16- He has to have an interpreter with him at all times.

 

b. Change the sentences above to the future.

جملات فوق را به آینده تبدیل نمایید.

1- He has to get up early.

(He'll have to get up early.)

 

 

Have to (Negative and question forms)

Have to اشکال منفی و سوالی

We form negative with have to by placing do not or does not before have.

.میسازیم have قبل از do not یا does not  را با گذاشتن have to ما شکل منفی

 

He has to work tonight.

He doesn't have to work tonight.

We form questions with have to by placing do or does before the subject.

قبل از فاعل میسازیم.have to  با جابجا نمودن do یا does ما شکل سوالی را با

He has to work to night.

Does he have to work tonight?

a. Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.

جملات ذیل را از مثبت به منفی تبدیل نمایید.

1- John has to leave class early today.

(John doesn’t have to leave class early today.0

2-

 

b. Change the sentences above to question.

جملات فوق را به سوالیه تبدیل نمایید.

1- John has to leave class early today.

(Does John have to leave class early today?)

c. Change the following sentences to questions beginning with the question word in parentheses.

1- He had to leave at six o'clock. (What time)

(What time did he have to leave?)

2- They had to wait there for two hours, (How long)

3- The children had to study indoors because it was raining. (Why)

4- They had to leave the party early because John was sick. (Why)

5- He has to go to New York on Sunday. (When)

6- He will have to stay there for a month. (How long)

7- They had to pay the doctor fifteen dollars for the call. (How much)

8- I have to go to the dentist again next week. (When)

9- You will have to come back at five o'clock. (What time)

10- He has to go to the post office to buy some stamps. (Why)
11- Each student has to learn ten new words every day. (How many new words)

12- She has to go there twice a week. (How often)

13- They had to leave twenty dollars as a deposit. (How much)

14- He has to leave at three o'clock. (What time)

15- You have to sign your name at the bottom of the page. (Where)

16- Mary has to do all the housework now because her mother is ill. (Why)